OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the safety of drug use in children and the rational drug use management strategies by health administration departments. METHODS A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the cognition of antibiotics and the parents ’behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics ，using online and offline questionnaires. Univariate analysis was carried out on the scores of respondents ’cognition，and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was carried out on the factors affecting parents ’behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics. RESULTS A total of 1 068 questionnaires were distributed ，and 993 valid questionnaires were recovered ，with the effective recovery rate of 93.0％. Among the respondents ，43.2％ of the parents ’ behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics in the past 6 months. The score of respondents ’cognition，high treatment cost and cumbersome treatment procedures ，easy access to antibiotics ，certain medication experience ，the recommendation of pharmacists in drug store ，the recommendation of relatives and friends and the publicity of mass media were positively correlated with parents ’ behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The rate of the parents ’in Sichuan-Chongqing area is high ， which is the result of a combination of several factors. Reducing the risk of behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics requires the joint efforts of the government ，medical institutions and the public. The parents ’cognition towards antibiotics should be improved ，and the acquisition of antibiotics should be standardized so as to reduce unreasonable use of antibiotics.