OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for implementing relevant policies and measures，and promote rational drug use. METHODS：The cognition（questionnaire）and application（prescription spot checks）about antibiotics and glucocorticoids by 191 rural doctors from 14 township hospitals and 18 health room in area A，B and C（representing the economically developed areas， moderately developed areas and undeveloped areas）were investigated，and the results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS：Totally 382 questionnaires were sent out（191 for antibiotics and 191 for glucocorticoids），and 382 were effectively received with effective recovery of 100％；and 2 300 prescriptions were checked. Results of questionnaire showed，there were still some misunderstandings and blindness among the rural doctors’cognition and application about antibiotics and glucocorticoids，the usage of β-lactam was not fully grasped，part of the empirical use of antibiotics and drug treatment was still not entirely clear，more than 40％ had no clear ideas about the classification and contraindications of hormones，and more than half of them didn't know the Glucocorticoids Clinical Practice Guidelines；results of prescription spot checks showed，there were regional differences about the proportion of antibiotics and glucocorticoids，area A had the highest proportion among 3 areas，accounting for 60.9％ and 18.9％，respectively. And area C showed highest proportion about unreasonable prescriptions，accounting for 22.5％. CONCLUSIONS：The cognition and reasonable use of rural doctors for antibiotics and glucocorticoids still needs to be strengthened. It is suggested to take effective measures，formulate and implement the corresponding supervision system，strengthen antibiotics and glucocorticoids knowledge training for rural doctors and fully implement the the principles of rational drug use to improve the rational drug use.