OBJECTIVE： To study the benefit incidence equity and its influential factors of drug welfare for chronic diseases patients under the background of health poverty alleviation policy， and to provide reference for precision health poverty alleviation. METHODS： According to the National Natural Science Foundation project “Study on the Optimization of Precision Health Poverty Alleviation Policy Based on the Improvement of Drug Welfare Effects of Chronic Diseases Patients”， the research data of Jiangsu， Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces were used as samples （during Oct. 2016-May 2018）. Taking patients’ personal income as economic measurement index， drug expenditure （including reimbursement） as drug welfare index under government health policy， by benefit incidence analysis， Lorentz curve， Gini coefficient， concentration index， concentration curve and Kakwani index were used to analyze the absolute equity and relative equity of drug welfare benefits of patients with chronic diseases. Anderson health service utilization model was used to incorporate the factors that may affect the distribution of drug benefits among the poor patients with chronic diseases. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify the main influential factors. RESULTS： The absolute fairness and relative fairness of drug welfare distribution in patients with chronic diseases were poor， and there were unfair phenomena that were beneficial to the rich and unfavorable to the poor chronic disease patients. Economic income， education level， types of medical insurance and patients’ health level had effects on drug welfare with statistical significance （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： The health poverty alleviation policy brings drug welfare to patients with chronic diseases，but there are still unfairness. The policy should be more biased towards the poor people，also more chronic disease “life-saving drugs” and commonly used drugs should be included in the medical insurance catalogue. Health education for chronic diseases in primary medical institutions should be strengthened to improve the health literacy and health of patients with chronic diseases.