OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for improving the rationality of perioperative prophylactic application of antibiotics in typeⅠincision operation of neurosurgery. METHODS： Medical records of 794 patients with typeⅠincision operation of neurosurgery were collected from our hospital during Jan.-Dec. 2016 in order to retrospectively investigate the perioperative prophylactic application of antibiotics and evaluate the rationality of drug use. RESULTS： Among all the 794 cases， 433 used antibiotics for prophylaxis （single type was used in all cases）， with utilization rate of 54.53％. Cefazolin （51.73％） and cefuroxime （21.48％） were the most frequently used antibiotics. The prophylactic application rate of 30 min-1 h before surgery was 85.45％ in 433 patients. Patients with prophylactic medication course ≤24 h accounted for 68.36％.  The main irrational drug use manifestations were long medication time （31.64％） and improper antibiotics selection （26.10％）； other manifestations included improper medication timing （14.55％）， etc. CONCLUSIONS： Unreasonable perioperative prophylactic application of antibiotics in typeⅠincision operation of neurosurgery exists in our hospital， such as improper drug selection， improper medication timing， long medication course. It is necessary to further strengthen the comprehensive interventions，so as to promote the rational use of antibiotics．